Mechanism for Managing Environmental and Economic Risks in Railway

This study examines environmental and economic risks in the railway transport system from the perspective of industrial economics. The research identifies inefficiencies in resource utilization, weak integration of environmental factors into economic planning, and limited adaptability of management systems to modernization processes. The study analyzes structural weaknesses in regulatory frameworks, financing mechanisms, infrastructure policies, and strategic planning within the railway sector. To address these challenges, the research proposes an integrated management mechanism based on ESG principles, including green KPIs, environmental auditing systems, green financing instruments, and technological modernization through electrification and renewable energy integration. Analytical calculations indicate that implementing these mechanisms can reduce operational costs by approximately 20–23%, improve energy efficiency, and enhance environmental sustainability while strengthening the competitiveness and long-term development of the railway transport network.