Elevated Serum Apelin, Insulin, and IL-17 Levels in Middle-Aged Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Associations with Hepatic Enzyme Alterations

The "current study investigated changes in serum levels of apelin, insulin, and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 17 (IL-17) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). Additionally, as biomarkers for hepatic disorders, serum levels of the liver enzymes ALP, AST, and ALT were assessed in type 2 DM patients aged 40-60 years, with an equal distribution of men and women. Comparative analysis revealed a significant increase (p<0.05) in serum levels of apelin and insulin, with similar trends observed across both genders. Notably, IL-17 levels were also significantly elevated (p<0.05) in the type 2 DM group compared to control subjects. Furthermore, serum levels of ALP, AST, and ALT were significantly higher (p<0.05) in type 2 DM patients than in the control group. These findings, consistent with prior research, indicate that type 2 DM is associated with elevated apelin and IL-17 levels, contributing to significant insulin resistance through complex signaling pathways. Consequently, patients, irrespective of gender but likely influenced by their age (40-60 years), exhibit higher serum insulin levels compared to healthy" controls.