Boundary Stones (Kudurru)

This research presents an in-depth study of the Kudurru stones, highlighting their significant role in the economic and religious aspects of Mesopotamia. These stones contained important information regarding the prevailing political and geographical situations. The study traced the symbols and marks inscribed on the Kudurru stones, revealing aspects of religious life and the artistic style used to depict the gods' symbols. The forms of Kudurru stones varied, from slender tall pieces to flattened slabs. Their use became widespread during the Old Babylonian period, though not maintaining the same use in later eras. Meanwhile, the Middle Babylonian period witnessed a special flourishing of Kudurru stones under the Kassite dynasty's rule.The research aims to provide a comprehensive definition of Kudurru stones, calling them boundary stones that define the ownership of individuals and land areas. It clarifies their main types—private and public boundary stones— and describes them by shape, size, practical and religious functions. It highlights two carving styles used to make them and reviews prominent models, such as King Meli-Shipak’s stone. The study analyzes the deity fields on these stones, classifying gods by rank and explaining the artistic importance of the symbol distribution. The research concludes by confirming the importance of Kudurru stones in Kassite art and their relation to thematically religious significant artistic topics.