Morphometric and Functional Parameters of the Facial Part of the Upper Jaw in Children

There are many orthodontic devices that are used to treat distal occlusion of the dentition. According to the principle of operation, the devices are divided into devices of mechanical and functional (functionally guiding and functionally acting) actions, as well as devices of a combined type (combined). The history of functional devices dates back to 1879, when Norman Kingsley introduced a device for extending the lower jaw. The removable Kingsley plate with clasps on the molars can be considered a prototype of functional devices with a vestibular arch and a bite pad. According to his description, "the purpose of the treatment was not to achieve protrusion of the lower teeth, but to change the position of the lower jaw in the case of its posterior position."