Vitamin D3 Deficiency and Atherosclerosis: Analysis of Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Diseases

Vitamin D3 deficiency has emerged as one of the important modifiable risk factors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, particularly atherosclerosis. A growing body of evidence suggests that hypovitaminosis D3 is not only associated with impaired calcium-phosphorus metabolism but also contributes to endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, lipid imbalance, and increased arterial stiffness. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of Vitamin D3 deficiency in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, as well as to evaluate its interaction with traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle. The article reviews both international and local research data on the prevalence of Vitamin D3 deficiency and its correlation with carotid intima-media thickness, plaque formation, and coronary artery disease. Special attention is given to the molecular mechanisms through which Vitamin D3 regulates vascular tone, suppresses chronic inflammation, and modulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Furthermore, Vitamin D3 deficiency is shown to alter immune responses, increase oxidative stress, and promote pro-atherogenic processes. The study highlights that populations living in regions with limited sunlight exposure, inadequate nutrition, and high prevalence of metabolic disorders are at particularly high risk. The clinical analysis presented in this article emphasizes the importance of early detection of Vitamin D3 deficiency in patients with cardiovascular diseases and supports the integration of Vitamin D3 supplementation into preventive and therapeutic strategies. The findings suggest that correcting Vitamin D3 deficiency may reduce the incidence of atherosclerotic complications, improve vascular health, and contribute to lowering overall cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In conclusion, Vitamin D3 deficiency is an underestimated but significant contributor to the progression of atherosclerosis. A multidisciplinary approach involving cardiologists, endocrinologists, and nutritionists is required for effective risk management. Future large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to establish clear clinical guidelines for Vitamin D3 supplementation in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular disorders.