Conceptual Approaches to The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in The National Economy

The article examines conceptual approaches to the role of foreign direct investment in the development of the national economy. Foreign direct investment is interpreted not only as an external source of capital, but also as a mechanism for technological modernization, institutional transformation, integration into global value chains and improvement of national competitiveness. The paper analyzes classical, neoclassical, institutional, structural, dependency-based and modern strategic approaches to FDI. Particular attention is paid to the conditions under which foreign investment contributes to sustainable development, including human capital, macroeconomic stability, investment climate, technological absorptive capacity and quality of state regulation.