By Green Synthesis Prepared Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Medical Application

Nanotechnology, particularly the development of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, has significantly advanced medical science through improved drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and therapeutic applications. However, conventional physical and chemical synthesis methods are often costly, energy-intensive, and environmentally hazardous. This review examines green synthesis approaches that utilize plant extracts, microorganisms, and other biological materials as reducing and stabilizing agents for nanoparticle production. Green methods offer enhanced biocompatibility, reduced toxicity, lower production costs, and improved environmental safety compared to traditional techniques. The paper highlights recent progress in green-synthesized nanoparticles—especially zinc oxide and other metal oxides—for antibacterial, anticancer, and biomedical applications. It also discusses key challenges, including process standardization, large-scale production, regulatory concerns, and long-term toxicity assessment. Overall, green nanotechnology represents a sustainable and promising pathway for advancing modern medicine while aligning with principles of green chemistry and global sustainability goals.