Cardiovascular and Liver Function Alterations in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that is mainly known for its movement deficits; however, its systemic effects spread to the cardiovascular and hepatic functions. This review summarises the current evidence for autonomic cardiovascular changes and liver function changes in PD patients. Findings suggest that there is a high prevalence of orthostatic hypotension, decreased heart rate variability and impaired baroreflex sensitivity, indicating significant autonomic dysfunction. Concurrently, very mild elevation of liver enzymes and a more pronounced elevation of fibrosis scores indicate a subclinical hepatic involvement, which may be related to disease severity. Recognising these systemic manifestations is important for the full patient management, early recognition of complications and quality of life improvement. The inclusion of evaluation of cardiovascular and liver function in routine care might help to design specific interventions and contribute to a holistic approach in the management of PD beyond the motor symptoms.