Bacterial Inflammation of Paradontal Tissues, Etiology and Pathogenesis

The human body is a super-organism that coexists with trillions of microorganisms, and the oral microbiome plays a crucial role in the development of periodontal diseases. Periodontitis is an inflammatory process that occurs in the alveolar socket, leading to damage to periodontal tissues, gingival and bone resorption. While the etiology of the disease is linked to dental plaque formation, its progression is influenced by immunopathogenic factors, genetic predisposition, lifestyle, stress, and diabetes. Since the second half of the 20th century, the microbial etiology of periodontal diseases has been extensively studied, with clinical observations conducted through the experimental gingivitis model. These studies have revealed the complex structure of microbial biofilms, transitioning from gram-positive cocci and rods to gram-negative bacteria such as P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum. The primary treatment for periodontitis remains mechanical debridement and antibiotic therapy, yet bacterial resistance and anatomical complexities reduce their effectiveness. As an alternative strategy, glucose oxidase is proposed to generate hydrogen peroxide, creating an antibacterial environment. Advanced technologies, including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal microscopy, allow for a detailed examination of periodontal biofilms and a deeper understanding of disease pathogenesis. For the successful treatment of periodontitis, dentists must thoroughly study the etiological and pathogenic factors of the disease and develop innovative therapeutic approaches.