Experience of Some Foreign Countries in Combating Domestic Violence: A Comparative Legal Analysis

Domestic violence constitutes one of the most pervasive and structurally entrenched violations of fundamental human rights in contemporary societies. Despite its prevalence across all socioeconomic, cultural, and geographic boundaries, significant divergences exist in how legal systems conceptualize, prevent, and redress this phenomenon. This article undertakes a comparative legal analysis of the legislative frameworks and institutional mechanisms adopted by the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, Germany, and Australia in combating domestic violence, drawing on statutory texts, judicial practice, and empirical evaluations. The study identifies key structural elements including comprehensive legislation, specialized courts, perpetrator accountability mechanisms, multi-agency cooperation, and survivor-centred service delivery that distinguish effective national responses from nominally adequate but practically deficient ones. The analysis further interrogates the theoretical foundations underpinning different legislative models, examining the shift from incident-based criminal law approaches toward coercive control paradigms. Findings are examined with reference to their potential application in reform contexts, including post-Soviet states such as Uzbekistan, where recent legislative efforts have laid a formal foundation but substantial implementation gaps persist. The article argues that effective domestic violence legislation requires not merely the enactment of protective provisions but the sustained development of independent institutional architecture, judicial competence, and a cultural environment that treats domestic violence as a serious public rather than private concern.