Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Drugs: Sar Analysis and Clinical Efficacy

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be the leading global cause of mortality and morbidity. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the chemical structures and biological target interaction mechanisms of antihypertensive agents—specifically angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and β-blockers—through the lens of Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR). A comparative evaluation is conducted to determine the impact of specific functional moieties, such as sulfhydryl, carboxyl, and amino groups, on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of these drugs. The findings demonstrate that the lipophilicity index (LogP) and the spatial isomerism (stereochemistry) of the drug molecules play a pivotal role in mitigating adverse effects and enhancing targeted clinical efficacy.