The Epic Traditions in Karakalpak Classical Literature: The Heritage of the Nogai Period

This article examines the formation, evolution, and structural specificities of the epic tradition in Karakalpak classical literature, focusing on the Nogai period (14th–17th centuries). By analyzing the historical-geopolitical context of the Dasht-i Qipchaq following the fragmentation of the Golden Horde, the study evaluates the foundational role of the zhyrau (epic bards) as political advisors, historical guardians, and spiritual pillars. Special attention is dedicated to the comparative textual analysis of the epic tolgaw (philosophical reflections) preserved in both Karakalpak and Nogai folklore, identifying syntactic parallelisms, shared zoomorphic imagery, and structural divergences. Furthermore, the paper investigates the functional mechanism of artistic repetitions (anaphora, dialogue variations, and epic clichés) as essential mnemonic and performative tools within an oral culture, using the monumental heroic epics Edige and Er Shora as primary paradigms.