Akchakhan Fortress: Research and Results for 2022-2024

Ancient Khorezm was a major center of civilization in Central Asia, where monumental fortresses played a crucial role in political, religious, and urban development. The Akchakhan fortress, located in present-day Karakalpakstan, represents one of the most significant sites of this civilization, yet its architectural and cultural layers remain insufficiently studied. Although earlier expeditions provided partial insights, the stratigraphy, construction technologies, and religious-political functions of Akchakhan fortress have not been fully understood. This study analyzes the results of archaeological excavations conducted between 2022–2024, focusing on the fortress’s defensive systems, monumental structures, and material culture. Excavations revealed multi-phase construction of gate labyrinths, entrance and exit ramps, and inner citadel  structures, alongside Afrighid- and Kushan-period ceramics, monumental religious buildings, and fresco fragments. Evidence indicates continued habitation and ceremonial practices into the 7th–8th centuries AD. The research demonstrates for the first time that Akchakhan fortress was not only a fortified settlement but also a central religious and political hub, with distinct construction technologies including lime-rich mortar, ceramic flooring, and mural decoration. These findings contribute to understanding early medieval urban planning, religious-political authority, and architectural innovation in Central Asia, positioning Akchakhan fortress as a key case study for the cultural and technological development of ancient Khorezm.