Formation of the Mahalla System and Architectural-Planning Features in the Rural Settlements of Ancient Ustrushona (Case Study of Jizzakh Region)

This article examines the stages of formation of the rural mahalla system and its architectural and planning characteristics in the Jizzakh oasis, which historically constituted the western part of ancient Ustrushona. Based on archaeological evidence and historical sources, the structural organization of communal settlements that emerged around “koshk” (fortified estates) during the Early Middle Ages (5th–8th centuries) is analyzed. The study reveals the patterns of adaptation of settlements located along the Sangzor River and the Arnasoy lowlands to the natural landscape, as well as the spatial relationships between key elements such as the guzar (community center), alou-khona (communal gathering space), and religious structures. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the architectural evolution of the rural mahalla system, which developed under the influence of socio-economic conditions and defense factors.