Abstract
In the contemporary era of complex socio-technical systems, decision-making plays a critical role across various domains — from economics and management to artificial intelligence and cybersecurity. However, real-world decision-makers rarely operate in conditions of complete and accurate information. Factors such as data incompleteness, measurement errors, uncertainty, and human cognitive limitations lead to the problem of imperfect information. This issue fundamentally affects the rationality, efficiency, and reliability of decisions.