Synthesis and Characterization of Heterocyclic Compounds from Natural Carboxylic Acids: Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Biological Activities

Heterocyclic compounds derived from natural carboxylic acids have gained significant attention for their biological activities, yet their potential remains underexplored. This study focuses on the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives (Z1-Z6) using adipic, citric, salicylic, oleic, tartaric, and hydroxy acetic acids with o-phenylenediamine. Characterization was conducted using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. Antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro via the DPPH assay, revealing significant scavenging activity for Z2 and Z4. Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was assessed for Z3 and Z6 using the agar diffusion method, showing maximum inhibition zones of 22–24 mm at 800 µg/mL. These findings highlight the potential of these compounds as antioxidants and antibacterial agents, offering promising leads for further pharmaceutical development.