Functions of Borrowed Vocabulary in Russian Literary Texts of the 19th–20th Centuries

This article explores the functions of borrowed vocabulary in Russian literary texts of the 19th and 20th centuries. It examines the pragmatic, stylistic, and semantic roles of foreign words in the prose of L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, A.P. Chekhov, M.A. Bulgakov, and others. The study focuses on both direct borrowings and adapted lexical units, which reflect cultural intertextuality, social stratification, and aesthetic intent. The research uses lexical-semantic and discourse analysis to identify how borrowings contribute to character development, socio-cultural marking, and the stylistic depth of a text.