Enclaves and Exclaves in the Fergana Valley: Contemporary Geopolitical Challenges and Prospects for Sustainable Development

This article analyzes the causes behind the formation of enclaves and exclaves located in the Fergana Valley, as well as their contemporary geopolitical significance and existing challenges. Based on historical sources and modern scholarly perspectives, the study substantiates that the emergence of enclave territories is closely linked to the territorial delimitation policies implemented during the Soviet period. Furthermore, using the Sokh enclave and Shohimardon as case studies, the article highlights border disputes, transport and communication difficulties, disagreements over the use of water resources, and socio-economic constraints affecting these regions.