Efficiency of the Cluster Approach in the Development of Ecotourism: Theoretical and Practical Foundations

This study investigates the efficiency of the cluster approach in the development of ecotourism, focusing on theoretical foundations and practical implementation in Uzbekistan. The research employs a mixed-method approach based on statistical analysis of tourism indicators from 2019 to 2024, alongside comparative evaluation with leading tourism countries such as Turkey, Italy, and Malaysia. The findings reveal that Uzbekistan’s tourism sector experienced significant fluctuations, including a sharp decline during the COVID-19 pandemic and a strong recovery in the post-pandemic period. Domestic tourism has emerged as a key stabilizing factor, while investments and employment in ecotourism zones have shown steady growth. However, the sector still contributes only 3–4% to GDP, indicating untapped potential. The study highlights that the cluster approach enhances coordination among tourism stakeholders, improves infrastructure efficiency, and supports regional development. Comparative analysis demonstrates that countries with mature tourism clusters achieve significantly higher economic returns. The results confirm that strengthening cluster-based ecotourism development is essential for improving competitiveness, sustainability, and economic performance in Uzbekistan.