Dental Caries

Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic infectious diseases globally, affecting nearly 100% of adults and a large proportion of children. It is a multifactorial condition resulting from the interaction between cariogenic bacteria, dietary sugars, and susceptible tooth surfaces. Streptococcus mutans and other acidogenic bacteria metabolize sugars to produce acids that demineralize tooth enamel and dentin. The ecological plaque hypothesis explains how frequent sugar intake alters the oral microbiota, favoring aciduric species and initiating caries formation. Clinically, caries manifests as white spots, cavitations, and lesions, which can be classified using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). Histologically, carious lesions exhibit distinct zones based on demineralization and microbial activity. Fluoride, dietary control, oral hygiene, and regular dental assessments are critical in prevention. Diagnostic advancements, including laser and light-induced fluorescence, have improved early detection. Root caries and secondary caries also pose unique challenges, particularly in aging populations. A multidisciplinary approach involving dental professionals, public health experts, and patient education is essential to control and prevent dental caries. Despite preventive efforts, disparities in caries prevalence persist due to socioeconomic factors and limited access to care. Future strategies should focus on personalized prevention, minimally invasive treatment, and promoting equity in oral healthcare