The Future Prospects of the KRAS Gene and Its Association with Cancer as Predictive Markers

The importance of early cancer detection has grown significantly in recent years due to the widespread prevalence of this disease across various age groups. This article aims to highlight the crucial role of strategies and methods used in the early detection or prediction of cancer, given their vital impact on saving lives and determining appropriate treatment approaches. The KRAS gene has gained prominence in recent years for its role in predicting tumor development before it occurs, as it is one of the most frequently mutated genes in many human cancers. This gene is involved in transmitting cellular signals and regulating the cell cycle, primarily through expressing mutated protein products or altering cellular pathways. Among the most common and frequent KRAS mutations are (G12, G12C, Q61, and G12V), which are observed in cancers such as pancreatic, colorectal, and lung tumors, accounting for approximately 20% of all human cancers. KRAS gene mutations contribute to reinforcing the characteristics of mutated cells and preparing the tumor microenvironment to support their persistence. Several mechanisms by which these mutations evade immune surveillance and distract immune cells from the tumor itself have been identified and studied. In recent years, numerous potential treatment approaches have emerged. Some genetic and molecular therapies have already been approved, while others are in clinical trial stages The emergence of targeted therapies that address specific metabolic pathways of cancer or directly target compounds and molecules involved in disease progression has marked the rise of diagnostic or precision medicine. Various other approaches and strategies are still under investigation, aiming to achieve a comprehensive cure for cancer.