Vaginal Microbiota Dysbiosis and the Role of Opportunistic Microorganisms in Gynecological Infections

Vaginal microbiota represents one of the major physiological defense mechanisms of the female reproductive system. Normal vaginal microflora is predominantly composed of Lactobacillus species, which maintain an acidic environment and inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Disruption of the vaginal microbiota balance, known as dysbiosis, leads to the activation of opportunistic microorganisms and contributes to the development of various gynecological infections. This article analyzes the etiopathogenesis, microbiological characteristics, and the role of opportunistic microorganisms in gynecological diseases associated with vaginal dysbiosis. The study examined the major microorganisms involved in bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, and mixed infections, as well as their biofilm-forming abilities and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. In addition, the influence of immune status, hormonal changes, uncontrolled antibiotic use, and hygienic factors on the development of dysbiosis was investigated. The article highlights modern preventive and therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring vaginal microbiota, including probiotic therapy and antimicrobial agents. The findings of this study have important scientific and practical significance for the early diagnosis and effective treatment of gynecological infections.