Publication Details
Abstract
The main clinical symptoms of heart failure are pulmonary crackles, peripheral edema, dyspnea, ankle swelling and weariness). The main structural and functional lesions of HF are the elevation in intracardiac pressure and the insufficiency of cardiac output even in the rest. The diagnosis of HF depends on the etiology of the underlying heart failure since the particular pathology dictates the course of treatment. Most usually, HF results from myocardial dysfunction—either systolic, diastolic, or both. But the heart rhythm along with conduction abnormalities, disease of the valves, pericardium, and endocardium, can also lead to or aggravate HF (1). The incidence of heart failure adjusted rate may be declining in affluent nations, presumably reflecting improved care of CV illness, but due to aging the general incidence is rising (2-4). In Europe, the HF incidence is about 3/1000 person-years (all age-groups) or maybe 5/1000 person-per year in adults (5, 6). The percentage of 12% is the most predominant one between adults (2, 7-9).