Global Experience in Start-Up Support: Mechanisms and Regional Practices

Start-up ecosystems globally rely on diverse support mechanisms that integrate public and private initiatives to drive innovation and entrepreneurship. Governments, investors, and institutions deploy tools such as grants, tax incentives, incubators, accelerators, and public–private partnerships (PPPs) to reduce barriers and provide resources for early-stage ventures. Despite growing attention to start-up development, there remains a lack of comparative analysis on how these mechanisms operate across regions and which practices most effectively foster sustainable ecosystems. This study addresses this gap by reviewing policy instruments, financial tools, and institutional frameworks implemented worldwide. A qualitative synthesis method was applied, drawing from OECD reports, World Bank analyses, and regional case studies to identify common patterns and unique approaches. Findings reveal that advanced economies emphasize venture capital combined with competitive grant programs and tax relief, whereas emerging economies rely heavily on state subsidies, donor-funded incubators, and PPP-led innovation hubs. Results highlight the regional diversity of models, such as SBIR/STTR in the U.S., Horizon programs in Europe, China’s state-driven funds, and Chile’s Start-Up Chile initiative. The analysis underscores that a balanced mix of financial incentives, legal facilitation, and collaborative networks is critical for ecosystem resilience. These insights inform policymakers and development agencies on tailoring strategies to local conditions, promoting inclusive entrepreneurship, and strengthening the role of PPPs for scaling innovation.